Fully Unintegrated Parton Correlation Functions and Factorization in Lowest Order Hard Scattering

Motivated by the need to correct the potentially large kinematic errors in approximations used in the standard formulation of perturbative QCD, we reformulate deeply inelastic lepton-proton scattering in terms of gauge invariant, universal parton correlation functions which depend on all components of parton four-momentum. Currently, different hard QCD processes are described by very different perturbative formalisms, each relying on its own set of kinematical approximations. In this paper we show how to set up formalism that avoids approximations on final-state momenta, and thus has a very general domain of applicability. The use of exact kinematics introduces a number of significant conceptual shifts already at leading order, and tightly constrains the formalism. We show how to define parton correlation functions that generalize the concepts of parton density, fragmentation function, and soft factor. After setting up a general subtraction formalism, we obtain a factorization theorem. To avoid complications with Ward identities the full derivation is restricted to abelian gauge theories; even so the resulting structure is highly suggestive of a similar treatment for non-abelian gauge theories.Comment: 44 pages, 69 figures typos fixed, clarifications and second appendix adde

Absorbed dose thresholds and absorbed dose rate limitations for studies of electron radiation effects on polyetherimides

The threshold values of total absorbed dose for causing changes in tensile properties of a polyetherimide film and the limitations of the absorbed dose rate for accelerated-exposure evaluation of the effects of electron radiation in geosynchronous orbit were studied. Total absorbed doses from 1 kGy to 100 MGy and absorbed dose rates from 0.01 MGy/hr to 100 MGy/hr were investigated, where 1 Gy equals 100 rads. Total doses less than 2.5 MGy did not significantly change the tensile properties of the film whereas doses higher than 2.5 MGy significantly reduced elongation-to-failure. There was no measurable effect of the dose rate on the tensile properties for accelerated electron exposures

Nagy-Soper subtraction scheme for multiparton final states

In this work, we present the extension of an alternative subtraction scheme for next-to-leading order QCD calculations to the case of an arbitrary number of massless final-state partons. The scheme is based on the splitting kernels of an improved parton shower and comes with a reduced number of final state momentum mappings. While a previous publication including the setup of the scheme has been restricted to cases with maximally two massless partons in the final state, we here provide the final state real emission and integrated subtraction terms for processes with any number of massless partons. We apply our scheme to three jet production at lepton colliders at next-to-leading order and present results for the differential C parameter distribution.Comment: 45 pages, 5 figures v2: several references added; v3: title changed, references and a discussion of further scaling improvement added. Corresponds to published journal versio

Regge calculus in the canonical form

(3+1) (continuous time) Regge calculus is reduced to Hamiltonian form. The constraints are classified, classical and quantum consequences are discussed. As basic variables connection matrices and antisymmetric area tensors are used supplemented with appropriate bilinear constraints. In these variables the action can be made quasipolinomial with $\arcsin$ as the only deviation from polinomiality. In comparison with analogous formalism in the continuum theory classification of constraints changes: some of them disappear, the part of I class constraints including Hamiltonian one become II class (and vice versa, some new constraints arise and some II class constraints become I class). As a result, the number of the degrees of freedom coincides with the number of links in 3-dimensional leaf of foliation. Moreover, in empty space classical dynamics is trivial: the scale of timelike links become zero and spacelike links are constant.Comment: 24 pages,Plain LaTeX,BINP 93-4

Thermal Resistance of a Window with an Enclosed Venetian Blind: A Simplified Model

©2008, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 114, Part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.Solar gain has a strong influence on building energy consumption and peak cooling load. Venetian blinds are routinely used to control solar gain. Software based on 1-D models is available to accurately predict the thermal performance of glazing systems but the development of models for shading devices is at a very early stage. An accurate model has been formulated to quantify the thermal resistance of a glazing system with an enclosed venetian blind. It is possible to account for pane spacing, slat angle, alternate fill gases and the presence of a low-emissivity coating. Effective longwave optical properties are assigned to the blind layer in order to calculate radiant heat transfer. An exceptionally simple model for convective heat transfer, the reduced slat length (RSL) model, has been developed on the basis of guarded heater plate measurements. CFD results reveal reasons for the very close agreement between measurement and the RSL model. The new simulation capability can be applied to the quantification of U-factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient. The simplicity of the RSL model is particularly valuable in the context of building energy simulation where CPU time must be used sparingly.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) || The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

Thermal Resistance of a Window with an Enclosed Venetian Blind: Guarded Heater Plate Measurements

©2006, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 112, Part 2. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.Window solar gain is known to have a strong influence on building energy consumption and peak cooling load. Venetian blinds are routinely used to control solar gain. Software based on one-dimensional models is available to accurately predict the thermal performance of glazing systems, but the develop-ment of models for windows with shading devices is at a very early stage. A guarded heater plate apparatus has been used to measure center-glass heat transfer rates through a double-glazed window with a venetian blind in the glazing cavity. Vari-ables examined include pane spacing, temperature difference, slat angle, and the presence of a low-emissivity coating. Results were compared with earlier measurements. The data collected provide direct guidance in the development of models to predict U-factor and solar gain for this type of glazing/shad-ing system, leading to a more structured and quantitative design procedure.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council || Golden Windows Ltd. (Kitchener, Ontario

An Examination of Keyes Universal Chart: 50 Years Later

© 2016 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Conference Papers, Winter Conference, Orlando, FL. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.From the late 1940's to the late 1960's, significant efforts were made by ASHVE and then ASHRAE to evaluate and quantify the impact of window shading. In the context of the now defunct Shading Coefficient, well known researchers such as Parmelee, Ozisik, Schutrum, Farber, Yellott, and Keyes laid the groundwork for much of the work that followed decades later. Of particular interest are the efforts of Keyes. In his work, he produced a method of classifying fabric based either on visible inspection, or on property measurements. The result was the Keyes Universal Chart, which was first published in the 1965 ASHRAE Guide and Data Book, and has been part of the Fenestration Chapter of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals since its inception. The chart compares fabric transmittance, reflectance, and openness. It also permits estimation of these properties by making generalized fabric classifications based on a subjective analysis of how light or dark the fabric is, and how open or closed the fabric weave is. More recently, significant efforts have been made to produce window shading models for use in building simulation and daylighting analysis. As part of this research, shading materials have been analyzed using modern and highly accurate spectrophotometric equipment. Unfortunately, that data has revealed inaccuracy in Keyes Universal Chart. The present work examines this inaccuracy.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC

Off-Normal Solar-Optical Performance of Pleated Drapery: Simulation versus Measurement

© 2016 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Conference Papers, Winter Conference, Orlando, FL. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.In recent years, significant advances have been made in modeling fenestration with shading attachments. Most shading devices have great potential for reducing both peak building cooling load and annual energy consumption through the control of solar gains, and the ability to quantify their impact is important. As part of an ASHRAE sponsored research project, several new models were developed for various types of shading devices. One of the most complex of these was the pleated drapery model. This model uses off-normal solar-optical fabric properties to predict the off-normal solar-optical properties of the pleated drapery. In doing so, the model assumes that the system could be represented as a series of uniformly arranged rectangular pleats. The work presented here aims to validate model performance. A Broad-Area Illumination Integrating Sphere (BAI-IS) was used to perform solar transmittance measurements on pleated drape samples. The BAI-IS is capable of measuring optical properties of thick and non-uniform samples. Five pleated drape samples composed of fabrics with different transmittance and reflectance were used in measurements. Results were compared to the model output for different incidence angles. Predicted transmittances were generally within ±0.05 of measured values although there could be an overprediction as much as +0.11 for normal incidence test cases of high transmittance test samples. This discrepancy can be attributed to the geometric difference between the model and the test samples.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC

On extra forces from large extra dimensions

The motion of a classical test particle moving on a 4-dimensional brane embedded in an $n$-dimensional bulk is studied in which the brane is allowed to fluctuate along the extra dimensions. It is shown that these fluctuations produce three different forces acting on the particle, all stemming from the effects of extra dimensions. Interpretations are then offered to describe the origin of these forces and a relationship between the 4 and $n$-dimensional mass of the particle is obtained by introducing charges associated with large extra dimensions.Comment: 9 pages, no figuer

The KLN Theorem and Soft Radiation in Gauge Theories: Abelian Case

We present a covariant formulation of the Kinoshita, Lee, Nauenberg (KLN) theorem for processes involving the radiation of soft particles. The role of the disconnected diagrams is explored and a rearrangement of the perturbation theory is performed such that the purely disconnected diagrams are factored out. The remaining effect of the disconnected diagrams results in a simple modification of the usual Feynman rules for the S-matrix elements. As an application, we show that when combined with the Low theorem, this leads to a proof of the absense of the $1/Q$ corrections to inclusive processes (like the Drell-Yan process). In this paper the abelian case is discussed to all orders in the coupling.Comment: 27 pages, LaTeX, 14 figure